Linux FPAC Flash Key mini-HOWTO

Bernard Pidoux, F6BVP, f6bvp at amsat dot org

V1.0.4, 2007-09-10

This mini HOWTO was written to help setting up an FPAC router and packet-radio communication applications using AX25 protocole, on a Mandriva Flash USB key. Basic description of FPAC can be found in this FPAC HOWTO and you should read  FPAC-MINI-HOWTO  in order to learn how to install step by step an FPAC router onto a Mandriva Linux distro. I will only describe here the specific installation of FPAC and AX25 applications on a Mandriva Flash USB Key, including F6FBB BBS.

1. Introduction

2. Install Gcc compiler and development libraries on your Flash key

3. Install AX25 libraries

4. Install AX25 tools

5. Install AX25 application programs

6. An utility script to set up directories and files rights

7. Configure ax25ipd daemon

8. Install and configure FPAC 3.27

9. A script to start AX25

10.1 Configure a router

10.2 Linking FPAC with application software

11. Others HOWTO

12. Finding more help

1. Introduction

Mandriva software editor is distributing two Linux "Live" distro, that is with ready to use Linux. The first, Mandriva “One” is available on a single bootable CD that can be freely downloaded. The second is Mandriva Flash USB sold for less than 100 US$ . It is a 4Gb memory USB key with a bootable Linux. Both live versions do not need any hard disk and use RAM memory. With a live distro you get a complete portable Linux system. Mandriva Flash is described on Mandriva Flash site.

Linux Live distro has the peculiarity not to need any hard disk, but to work with RAM memory. You can however personnalize your Linux by saving your files on a USB memory key. However, if Mandriva One can be installed easily on a hard disk, this distro does not include any development facility : compiler and utility libraries. The same with Mandriva Flash. Fortunately there is some place left on the USB key to save your personnal files on a partition that you can read from Windows or Linux.

We will describe how to add development tools to Mandriva Flash (Gcc compiler and libraries) and AX25 libraries, AX25 tools and AX25 applications. After this is done we will explain how to build and install FPAC program suite and F6FBB BBS from source packages.

Following step by step this mini HOWTO the user will obtain a complete Linux system including AX25 software applications with a FPAC AX25 router on a bootable USB key. When starting Linux from this USB key, the user can connect to FPAC network either on radio via a serial port or on Internet via an ethernet link or a wireless WiFi connexion.


2. Install Gcc compiler and development libraries on your Flash key

Mandriva Flash USB key distro has no development software like Gcc compiler or libraries necessary to build AX25 libraries, tools and applications.
You thus need to download a package I built that includes Gcc compiler and the development libraries plus other utility programs.
Start inserting your Mandriva Flash USB key onto your computer USB connector. Do not connect any other USB device like a mouse or a printer, for this would prevent Mandriva Flash Linux to boot on the USB key. This is due to a bug. On my portable laptop, pressing keyboard fonction key F12 allow to choose the boot device. The key to press may depend on your specific bios. Select USB device and boot Mandriva Flash form the USB key. Proceed with the first time configuration process. When you are done you may plug in other USB devices like a mouse. Then connect your computer to Internet and open Konqueror or Mozilla firefox. Then connect this URL FPAC-LINUX-FLASH MINI-HOWTO/

mkdir /temp and enter into this directory

cd  /temp

After a while your Linux system will be equipped with a compiler and the libraries necessary to build all AX25 routines.

rm  -f  /temp/*


3. Install AX25 libraries


Like many other AX25 applications FPAC needs the AX25 libraries. When running AX25 applications, softwares use common subroutines that are included into ax25libraries. To optimize performance, I have provided the source of libax25-0.0.11 package, with changes to allow compilation under kernel 2.6. It is always better to compile sofware on your own system.


Right click on the following link to download the package and choose /temp directory :

http://f6bvp.free.fr/logiciels/ax25/libax25-0.0.11.2src_f6bvp.tgz

Command  ls  /usr/local/lib should then display the following file names and symbolic links although the dates and size will be different :

-rw-r--r--  1 root root 101464 déc  4 19:59 libax25.a
-rw-r--r--  1 root root  20816 déc  4 19:59 libax25io.a
-rwxr-xr-x  1 root root    720 déc  4 19:59 libax25io.la*
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root     18 déc  4 19:59 libax25io.so -> libax25io.so.0.0.0*
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root     18 déc  4 19:59 libax25io.so.0 -> libax25io.so.0.0.0*
-rwxr-xr-x  1 root root  23090 déc  4 19:59 libax25io.so.0.0.0*
-rwxr-xr-x  1 root root    706 déc  4 19:59 libax25.la*
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root     16 déc  4 19:59 libax25.so -> libax25.so.0.0.0*
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root     16 déc  4 19:59 libax25.so.0 -> libax25.so.0.0.0*
-rwxr-xr-x  1 root root  76967 déc  4 19:59 libax25.so.0.0.0*

4. Install AX25 tools

Right click on the following link to download ax25-tools source package and choose /temp directory :

This will install into /usr/local/etc/ax25 the following sample configuration files : ax25d.conf, ax25.profile, ax25spawn.conf, nrbroadcast.conf, rip98d.conf, rxecho.conf, ttylinkd.conf and will compile and install utility applications into /usr/local/sbin/  directory and others into /usr/local/bin/

Directories and manual documentation files that you can read via man command will also be copied into /usr/local/man.

5. Install AX25 application programs

Right click on the following link to download the ax25-apps source package and choose /temp directory :

This will install into /usr/local/etc/ax25 the following sample configuration files : ax25ipd.conf, ax25mon.conf, ax25rtd.conf and application software into /usr/local/bin and /usr/local/sbin

Directories and manual documentation files that you can read via man command will also be copied into /usr/local/man.

6. An utility script to set up directories and files rights

./rc.init.script


#!/bin/sh
# rc.init.script
# Part of http://rose.fpac.free.fr/MINI-HOWTO/
# by f6bvp at amsat dot org
#
# This script should be run only once after installation of
#
# - libax25
# - ax25-apps
# - ax25-tools
#
# and before installing FPAC fpac327 package
#
# AX25 libraries declaration (into ld.so.conf)
#
echo "/usr/local/lib" >> /etc/ld.so.conf
/sbin/ldconfig
#
# Reserving UDP port 10093 for FPAC service
#
echo "fpad 10093/tcp # FPAC" >> /etc/services
echo "fpad 10093/udp # FPAC" >> /etc/services
#
# Making necessary AX25 directories
#
mkdir /usr/local/var
mkdir /usr/local/var/ax25
cd /var
ln -s /usr/local/var/ax25 ax25
mkdir /usr/local/etc
mkdir /usr/local/etc/ax25
cd /etc
ln -s /usr/local/etc/ax25 ax25
#
# Add some FPAC directories and files
#
mkdir /usr/local/var/ax25/fpac
/bin/chmod a+x /usr/local/var
/bin/chmod a+x /usr/local/var/ax25
/bin/chmod a+x /usr/local/var/ax25/fpac
/bin/touch /usr/local/var/ax25/fpac/loggedin
/bin/chmod a+w /usr/local/var/ax25/fpac/loggedin
#
mkdir /usr/local/var/ax25/mheard
/bin/chmod a+x /usr/local/var/ax25/mheard
/bin/touch /usr/local/var/ax25/mheard/mheard.dat
#
/bin/touch /usr/local/etc/ax25/axports
/bin/touch /usr/local/etc/ax25/nrports
/bin/touch /usr/local/etc/ax25/flexd.conf
/bin/touch /usr/local/etc/ax25/node.routes
#
echo "Do not forget to edit 'SYSOP=' and 'CONNECT='"
echo "in file /usr/local/sbin/fpac.sh"
echo "according to your own BBS callsign and sysop name"
#


# /usr/local/etc/ax25/axports
#
# The format of this file is:
#
# name callsign speed paclen maxframes description
#
0   F6ZZZ-8  38400   256  4  Linux  (AXIP)
#1   F6ZZZ-4   38400   256  2  Linux  (VHF-1)
#2   F6ZZZ-5   38400   256  2  Linux  (UHF-1)
#3   F6ZZZ-6   38400   256  2  Linux  (VHF-2)
#4   F6ZZZ-7   38400   256  2  Linux  (UHF-2)
#


7. Configure ax25ipd daemon

# /usr/local/etc/ax25/ax25ipd.conf
# ax25ipd configuration file for station f6zzz
#
# Select axip transport. 'ip' is what you want for compatibility
# with most other gates ...
#
socket ip
socket udp 10093
#
# Set ax25ipd mode of operation. (digi or tnc)
#
mode tnc
#
# If you selected digi, you must define a callsign. If you selected
# tnc mode, the call sign is currently optional, but this may change
# in the future! (2 calls if using dual port kiss)
#
#mycall2 vk5xxx-5
#
# In digi mode, you may use an alias. (2 for dual port)
#
#myalias2 svwdn2
#
# Send an ident every 540 seconds ...
#
#beacon after 540
#btext ax25ip -- tncmode rob/vk5xxx -- Experimental AXIP gateway
#
# Serial port, or pipe connected to a kissattach in my case
# master /dev/ptyq1 is attached to port ax0 ( 0 in /usr/local/etc/ax25/axports)
#
device /dev/ttyq1
#
# Set the device speed
#
speed 38400
#
# loglevel 0 - no output
# loglevel 1 - config info only
# loglevel 2 - major events and errors
# loglevel 3 - major events, errors, and AX25 frame trace
# loglevel 4 - all events
# log 0 for the moment, syslog not working yet ...
#
loglevel 2
#
# If we are in digi mode, we might have a real tnc here, so use param to
# set the tnc parameters ...
#
#param 1 20
#
# Broadcast Address definition. Any of the addresses listed will be forwarded
# to any of the routes flagged as broadcast capable routes.
#
broadcast QST-0 NODES-0
#
# ax.25 route definition, define as many as you need.
# format is route (call/wildcard) (ip host at destination)
# ssid of 0 routes all ssid's
#
# route <destcall> <destaddr> [flags]
#
# Valid flags are:
# b - allow broadcasts to be transmitted via this route
# d - this route is the default route
#
#route vk2sut-0 44.136.8.68 b
route f5mtz-0 f5mtz.no-ip.org udp 10093 b
route kp4djt-0 24.129.134.206 udp 10093 b
route f1hci-0 f1hci.org udp 10093 b
route f5kbw-0 147.210.91.241 udp 10093 b
route f6bvp-0 f6bvp.org udp 10093 b
#
#delay f5mzn-0 35
#


8. Install and configure FPAC 3.27

Jean-Paul F6FBB, the author of Linux FPAC, stopped its development with version 3.25 for Linux kernel 2.2, but released a compiled working version (3.26) on a floppy image that can be downloaded from F6FBB FTP site or from a mirror site. This Windows program , Rawrite, will help you to make a bootable floppy that will run Fpac. FPAC 3.26 was associated with Linux system glibc6 library compatible with 2.4 kernels. For our purpose we need to compile FPAC sources.

make
make install
make installconf

#
# Configuration file for FPAC node
#
# This file is /usr/local/etc/ax25/fpac.conf
#
# Node Informations
#
L2call = F6ZZZ-10
L3call = F6ZZZ-11
Trcall = F6ZZZ-14
DNIC = 2080
Address = 175522
Coverage =
InetPort = 10093
InetAddr = 44.151.75.153
Password = abcdefghi
City = PARIS-17
locator = JN18DV
UserPort = *
DefPort = 0
#
# Additional commands
#
Command
BBs = connect f6bvp-1 2080175502
# BBs = /usr/local/sbin/call_tcp f6bvp 1022
CLu = connect f6bvp-3 2080175502
STat= /bin/cat /usr/local/var/ax25/fpac/fpacstat.dat /usr/local/var/ax25/fpac/fpacstat.day
Telnet =
IPLinks = /bin/netstat --ip
IPRoutes= /bin/netstat -r
TRace = connect f6bvp-14 2080175502
HCI = connect f1hci-10 2080191601
End
# Bbs command will connect the user to the BBS on the same machine
# via rose level
# idem for command CLu that will connect the user to local DxNet server
# STat command will display connexion statistics
# Empty command telnet will do nothing

# Sysop reserved commands
#
Sysop
DIsk = /bin/df -k
SYSop = /usr/local/sbin/fpacshell
YGET = /usr/local/sbin/yapp -u /tmp/%1
YPUT = /usr/local/sbin/yapp -d /tmp/%1
RM = /bin/rm /tmp/%1
LS = ls -l /usr/local/etc/ax25/%1
CAT = sh -c cat /usr/local/etc/ax25/%1
WEdit = /usr/local/sbin/wpedit %*
Hci = telnet f1hci.org 3282
end
#
#
# Port specific to an address
#
# VHF user access port has address 175502
# AddPort = VHF
# Address = 175302
# Port = 0
# End

# UHF user access port has address 175502

#AddPort = UHF
# Address = 175502
# Port = 1
#End

# Port UHF 9600 via carte SCC4 et T7F (experimental)

#AddPort = UHF-9600
# Address = 175402
# Port = 4
#End
#
# List of predifined users (to specify a non-default port)
#
# USER command was used to send frames via rose network level.
# This was when Kissnetd was used to create an internal network
# in order to link applications together. But now, ax25d, xfbb,
# or dxnet are able to listen to rose connexions, so may be directly
# connected via rose0 port issuing a Level 3 command.
#
#User = BBS
# Path = F6KDS-1
# port =
#End

#
# Liste of alias for easy connexions to some address
#

#Alias = F6BVP-3
# Path = F6PTT-1,191501
#End

#Alias = F6BVP-4
# Path = F5KCK-1,178504
#End

#Alias = F6BVP-4
# Path = F6KDS-1,194501
#End

#
# List of adjacent nodes
#
# NoWP = 1 means no White Page
# for FPAC DOS does not know how to handle white pages

Node = DJT
path = KP4DJT-9
DNIC = 3100
Address = 813626
Port = 0
NoWP = 0
End

Node = XEO
path = N4XEO-9
DNIC = 3100
Address = 772467
Port = 0
NoWP = 0
End

Node = BVP
path = F6BVP-11
DNIC = 2080
Address = 175502
Port = 0
NoWp = 0
End

Node = HCI
path = F1HCI-11
DNIC = 2080
Address = 191601
Port = 0
NoWp = 0
End

Node = KBW
path = F5KBW-9
DNIC = 2080
Address = 833501
Port = 0
NoWp = 0
End

#
# Routes to adjacent nodes
#
# DNIC specify a default DNIC for the following addresses
#
# Address is for 1 to 6 digits, using hierarchy
#

Routes
DNIC = 0
3100 = DJT
DNIC = 3100
772 = DJT
772 = XEO
DNIC = 2080
* = BVP
8 = HCI
8 = KBW
177202 = HCI
End

9. A script to start AX25

#!/bin/sh
# /etc/rc.d/rc.ax25
#
# This script will start AX25 FPAC switch application on a Linux 2.6 system
# at boot time with a sample callsign F6ZZZ.
# rc.eth0 : setup Ethernet eth0 device LAN address and initialize a route to Internet
# through a gateway ;
# rc.tnc : attach ax0 device to pseudo device ptyq1 ;
# rc.axip : install a tunnel between ptyq1 and ttyq1 pseudo tty devices ;
# run ax25ipd daemon that performs AX25 frame encapsulation in IP frames ;
# routes encapsulated packets from ax0 to Internet rose FPAC address;
# rc.fpac : start FPAC suite of programs and mheardd daemon;
# rc.beacon : start listen application on console 2 listening to port 0
# and install a beacon broadcast on ax0 port ;
#
echo 15 > /proc/sys/kernel/panic
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
#
# The following is an example for eth0 fixed IP address 
# not necessary if protocol DHCP is used  
#
#/sbin/ifconfig eth0 192.168.0.200
#/sbin/route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 eth0
#/sbin/ifconfig lo 127.0.0.1
#/sbin/route add -net 127.0.0.0 netmask 255.0.0.0 lo
#/sbin/route add default gw 192.168.0.1
#
# /etc/rc.d/rc.tnc
#
/usr/local/sbin/kissattach /dev/ptyq1 0 44.151.75.153
/bin/sleep 2
#
#/etc/rc.d/rc.axip
#
/bin/date > /var/log/ax25ipd.log
/usr/local/sbin/ax25ipd -l4 >> /var/log/ax25ipd.log 2>&1
#
#/etc/rc.d/rc.fpac
#
/bin/date > /var/log/fpac
/usr/local/sbin/fpac.sh
/usr/local/sbin/mheardd
#
#/etc/rc.d/rc.beacon
#
#/usr/local/bin/listen -char >> /dev/tty2 &
/usr/local/sbin/beacon -c F6ZZZ -d QST -t 10 0 'Nodal Rose FPAC F6ZZZ'
#

#!/bin/sh
#
# This script will be executed *after* all the other init scripts.
# You can put your own initialization stuff in here if you don't
# want to do the full Sys V style init stuff.
#
echo 30 > /proc/sys/kernel/panic
#
#/etc/rc.d/rc.eth0
#
/etc/rc.d/rc.ax25
#
touch /var/lock/subsys/local
#

cd /usr/local/bin

ln -s /etc/rc.d/rc.ax25  ax25

10.1 Configure a router

f your Linux computer is directly connected to your DSL box without a router, the following applies to your DSL router settings.

A router not only performs the basic routing functions but it usally includes a firewall function to protect your computer and LAN from Internet intruders. By default the traffic passing through the router may be filtered in both directions. IP packets going from LAN to Internet are routed only if you give the permission. You may already be setup to pass normal traffic. However AX25 applications are using ports that must be opened in both directions. Ports up to 1024 are reserved for Standard applications and must not be used. See /etc/services file. Our FPAC needs port 10093 to be opened in both directions for UDP and TCP protocols. Check your router or DSL modem documentation to find out how to enable these ports. Same for other AX25 applications such as  port 6300 (TCP/UDP) for BBS F6BVP, port 9000 UDP for DxNet.

10.2 Linking FPAC with application software

Some application programs that will run on the same Linux machine can listen to a local port and may be easily interconnected with fpac node.

FBB and DxNet can communicate with FPAC without additive programs. NetRomd needs ax25d to perform the interface with FPAC.

Run the following script during AX25 setup. It will create NetRom devices that will be used by the following applications and start NetRomd daemon.

#!/bin/sh
# /etc/rc.d/rc.netrom
#
#echo "NETROM"
  /sbin/modprobe netrom
#
killall -KILL netromd
ifconfig nr1 down
ifconfig nr0 down
ifconfig nr2 down
ifconfig nr3 down
# creating NET/ROM devices (please edit your own ampr.org network address)
/usr/local/sbin/nrattach -i 44.151.75.15 -m 256 netnod
/usr/local/sbin/nrattach -i 44.151.75.15 -m 256 netbbs
/usr/local/sbin/nrattach -i 44.151.75.15 -m 256 netclu
# adjacent NET/ROM nodes creation via port 4=ax4 (ax25 over ip)
/usr/local/sbin/nrparms -nodes k4gbb-14  + CIT03 120 6 4 k4gbb-14
/usr/local/sbin/nrparms -nodes kp4djt-14 + DJT14 120 6 4 kp4djt-14
/usr/local/sbin/nrparms -nodes vk2tv-14  + KEMPC 120 6 4 vk2tv-14
/usr/local/sbin/nrparms -nodes vk2vy-2   + VYNODE 120 6 4 vk2vy-2
# start ax25d daemon to link NetRom and FPAC node
/usr/local/sbin/ax25d
# Broadcast NET/ROM
/usr/local/sbin/netromd -lid -t 10
# remove default routes
/sbin/route del -net 44.0.0.0/8 nr0
/sbin/route del -net 44.0.0.0/8 nr1
/sbin/route del -net 44.0.0.0/8 nr2
/sbin/route del -net 44.0.0.0/8 nr3
/sbin/route del -net 44.0.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.255 eth0
#

For deeper understanding see nrattach and nrparms manuals.

10.2.1. Interfacing FPAC with a BBS application

If your Linux box is running a BBS it can be internally connected to ROSE FPAC and interfaced with NetRom. This will give your BBS a worldwide access to AX25 stations via packet radio or Internet.

This is a partial listing from FBB BBS showing the port description file : /usr/local/etc/ax25/port.sys

#Com Interface Adress (Hex)   Baud
    1   9        *****        115200
    2   9        189C         0
#TNC NbCh Com MultCh Pacln Maxfr NbFwd MxBloc M/P-Fwd Mode  Freq
   0   0    0   0       0     0     0     0      00/01   ---- File-fwd.
   1  20    1   rose0   250   2     6     10     15/10   XULWY Rose0
      2   4    1   3       250   2     2     10     08/10   XULWY UHF
   3  10    2   0       250   7     8     10     15/15   TUWY  Telnet
   4   4    1   netbbs  250   7     2     10     15/15   XULWY NetRom
#

The BBS is connected to fpac node via rose0 port.

There is a TNC linked to AX25 port 3 defined in /etc/ax25/axports file.

Telnet port 189C is decimal 6300. Command is : telnet <hostname> 6300 to enter the BBS.

Port netbbs will interface the BBS with NetRom.

By the way. Dealing with 2.6 kernels, F6FBB's xfbbd source file needed to be updated in order to be compiled with recent compilers.

You can download the last BBS source file archive xd704n-src.tgz via FTP.
You may also download the archive xd704n-src.tgz via HTTP.

cd /usr/local/src/ax25

tar  xvf   xd704n-src.tgz
cd fbbsrc.704n
cd src
make
make install

 A second choice could be to download already compiled FBB suite via http from xd704n-i386.tgz
or via FTP from xd704n_i386.tgz

Note: flag P is uppercase

To start BBS application, enter command fbb that will execute /usr/local/sbin/script. The first time it will proceed to iinitialization of the necessary configuration files asking a few questions and create /usr/local/etc/ax25/fbb.conf and /usr/local/etc/ax25/port.sys if they did not exist yet. Next times it will start xfbbd the BBS daemon application.

For local connexions, edit sysop CALLSIGN and  PASSWORD in file /etc/ax25/fbb/passwrd.sys then run the FBB client

xfbbC -c -i CALLSIGN -w PASSWORD

10.2.2. Linking FPAC with DxCluster

If your Linux box computer is running a DxNet cluster you can interface it with ROSE FPAC.

Dxnet system/dxnet.cfg file will look like :

set/node +f8kgk-3 +f5mtz-3 +f5kbw-3 +f6cdd-3 +tu5ex-3 +kp4ig-5
set/call f6bvp-3
set/sys +F6BVP
set/ssid +3
set/port 0 1 3 4 rose0 inet:9000 netclu
set/tz +2

The Dx cluster can be accessed via either ax25 radio ports 0, 1, 3 and 4, via FPAC node port rose0, telnet port 9000 and NetRom port netclu.

10.2.3. Linking FPAC with NetRom

The following will give the necessary instructions to interface FPAC with a NetRom net.

Example of /usr/local/etc/ax25/nrports file

# /usr/local/etc/ax25/nrports
#
# The format of this file is:
# name callsign alias paclen description
#
netnod  F6BVP-10  BVPNOD    235    F6BVP FPAC node
netbbs  F6BVP-1   BVPBBS    235    F6BVP BBS
netclu  F6BVP-3   BVPDX     235    F6BVP Dx Cluster
#

This is the content of your /usr/local/etc/ax25/ax25d.conf file

#
<netrom>
parameters 1   10 * * * * *
NOCALL * * * * * * L
default  * * * * * * *    root /usr/sbin/fpacnode fpacnode -q %S
#

Add the letter b after UDP port number of the route description in /usr/local/etc/ax25ipd.conf to allow broadcast of NetRom routes.

11. Others HOWTO

There are many other documents that relate to Linux networking in a general way. I strongly recommend you also read them. They will assist your efforts and provide a stronger insight into other possible configurations.

They are:

The Linux Kernel HOWTO

The AX25-HOWTO,

Tithe HAM-HOWTO,

The NET-3-HOWTO,

The Ethernet-HOWTO,

and:

The Firewall-HOWTO

12. Finding more help

Remember that FPAC is a network switch. You must be able to connected to at least one other FPAC node. The more adjacent nodes you are linked to the better your network will perform.

Stations already running an FPAC node is a good place to get help.

Reading messages from FPAC News list is a must.. To see the collection of prior postings to the list, visit the fpac Archives.

Subscribe to the FPAC list by going to this page.

Global help about Linux and Ham radio can be requested via the Linux Ham list. First check the Linux-hams archive.
Linux-Hams is a mailing list for the discussion of the Linux operating system, and it's use in Amateur Radio. Anyone with an interest in both subjects is encouraged to subscribe. The discussion is mostly concentrated on the use and development of the AX.25 code in the Linux kernel. If you would like to subscribe to the Linux-hams mailing list and receive these messages in your own mailbox, send a message to majordomo@vger.kernel.org, placing the line

subscribe linux-hams

in the body of the message.